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UNIT 1 • MYTHS OF CREATION
- secondary sources
-
- Coogan et al. 2001:3-7HB
introduction to the Torah, or Pentateuch (the first “five books”)
Documentary Hypothesis (J E P D sources)
- ancient texts
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Genesis 1-5
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: “Moses” | J E P D sources | redaction under Josiah | post-exile edition
simplified: “Moses”, oral tradition, written, edited
when: ca.1200 | 1000 | 610 | 530 BCE
simplified: 1200-530 BCE
where:
Jerusalem
summary: written for Hebrew speaking elite, worshippers of YHWH
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title:
Genesis, Torah (“law”) or Pentateuch (first “five books”)
where: the cosmos, Mesopotamia (Garden of Eden)
when: In the beginning...
summary: explanations about
the origin of the cosmos, human life, various customs and social affinities — Creation • walkthrough 01-1
- Gen 1.1-2.3 • first creation narrative (Elohistic or Priestly source)
God (’El) creates by His word; on the second day God separates the chaotic waters behind the firmament (Dome of the Sky) and beneath the earth (the Deep); on the fourth day He creates sea creatures; on the fifth land animals; on the sixth humans (men and women) in His image
- 2.4-3.24 • second creation narrative (J or Yahwistic source)
God (YHWH) creates Man/Clay/Adam from the dust, by breathing into Man's nostrils; next creates animals; then creates Woman/"Mother of Life"/Eve from Man
- 4 • conflict between Cain and Abel
- 5 • the descendants of Adam (toledoth), ca.900 year lifespans
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Enuma elish
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Sumero-Akkadian scribes
when: ca.1700 (Old Babylonian Era) | 800 BCE (surviving edition)
where: Babylonia
summary: Akkadian speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Enuma elish (incipit: "when on high...")
where: the cosmos, Mesopotamia
who: Marduk, Tiamat, Apsu, Ea, Kingu
when: In the beginning...
summary: separation of waters; creation by clay/blood, how life began, etc
— Creation • walkthrough 01-1
CoS 1.111; ANET 60-72, 501-503
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Memphite Theology
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Egyptian scribe | restored by Shabako
when: NK/LB/Dyn 19/1200 BCE | Early Iron/Late Period/Dyn 25/700 BCE
where: Memphis
summary: creation by
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Memphite Cosmology
where: the cosmos
when: In the beginning...
summary: Ptah, Atum, Ennead, creation by thought/word
— Creation • walkthrough 01-1
CoS 1.15; ANET 4-6
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Cosmogonies of Esna
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Roman era Egyptian scribes
when: 2nd CE
where: Nekhen (Gk. Latopolis, mod. Esna) and Zau (Gk. Saïs)
summary: those literate in Egyptian during Roman Era
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Cosmogonies
who: Neith (Gk Athena), Thoth (Gk Hermes), Nun (Abyss)
where: Egypt
when: long ago
summary: creation by speech, etymology ("people" > "tears") — Creation • walkthrough 01-1
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Hesiod Theogony
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Hesiod of Ascra
when: 700 BCE
where: Boeotia/Euboea
summary:
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Theogony
where: the cosmos
who: Uranus, Gaia, Cronus, Oceanus, Zeus, Prometheus, Pandora
when: In the beginning...
summary: creation by clay (Pandora); chaos waters; generations of gods
— Cosmology • walkthrough 01-2
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Philo Phoenician Affairs
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Sanchuniathon (SKNYTN) Beirut | Philo of Byblos | Eusebius of Caesarea
when: 1200 BCE | 2nd CE | 3rd CE
where: Byblos
summary: Phoenician/Canaanite elite; Phoenician Cosmology
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Phoinikikē (“Phoenician Things”)
who: Taautos/Thoth, El, Baal, Chnas/Phoinix
where: Phoenicia/Canaan
when: In the beginning...
summary: How life began, origin of...
— Cosmology • walkthrough 01-2
FGrHist 790 F2
- lectures
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- handouts
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UNIT 2 • MYTHS OF DESTRUCTION
- secondary sources
- ancient texts
-
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Genesis 6-8
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: “Moses” | J E P D sources | redaction under Josiah | post-exile edition
simplified: “Moses”, oral tradition, written, edited
when: ca.1200 | 1000 | 610 | 530 BCE
simplified: 1200-530 BCE
where:
Jerusalem
summary: written for Hebrew speaking elite, worshippers of YHWH
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title:
Genesis, Torah (“law”) or Pentateuch (first “five books”)
where: Mesopotamia
when: antediluvian
summary: explanations about
the origin of human lifespams, various customs and social affinities — The Deluge • walkthrough 02-1
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- 6.1-4 • cause: monstrous violence (J or Yahwistic)
breach of the divine-human boundary; the “sons of God” (’El) mate
with human women, leading to 120-year limit of human life; beget violent “warriors of renown” (i.e. the giant Nephilim)
- 6.5-8 • cause: human wickedness (Priestly)
- 6.9-22 • Noah and family chosen (P)
- 7.1-5 • method: rain 40 days and nights (J? non-Priestly source)
- 7.6-9 • Noah, family and animals board ark (giant rectangular box)
- 7.10-12 • method: chaotic waters erupt from Dome of the Sky and the Deep (P)
- 7.13-16 • Noah, family and animals board ark (giant rectangular box)
- 7.17-8.22 • Noah et al. survive (P and non-Priestly interwoven)
conclusion: thanksgiving sacrifice; never again will all life be destroyed
- 9.1-17 • Covenant with Noah (P)
do not consume animal blood (sign: rainbow)
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Gen 9-11 — Origin of Nations walkthrough 02-1
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- 9: 18-29 • Curse of Ham
etiology of viticulture and drunkeness
- 10.1-32 • Generations of Noah (“Table of Nations”); toledoth (P)
division of peoples by kinship
- 11.1-9 • Tower of Babel (J)
division of peoples by language
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Book of Enoch
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Enoch | redactor (Aramaic) | translator (Gecez)
when: ante-diluvian | 300 BCE | 16th CE
where: Jerusalem
summary: YHWH worshipers, Aramaic speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Book of Enoch
who: Enoch, Noah, Watchers, nephilim
where: Mesopotamia
when: ante-diluvian, flood narrative
summary: How man became corrupt/violent, origin of ... — The Deluge • walkthrough 02-1
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Pseudo-Apollodorus Library
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Pseudo-Apollodorus
when: 1st BCE
where: Athens
summary:
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Library
where: Ancient Greece
when: many generations ago
summary: Zeus (Jupiter) causes deluge; Prometheus helps Deucalion survive; he and his wife reseed people (laos) from stones (laas)
— The Deluge • walkthrough 02-2
Livius.org
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- [Apollod.] 3.98-99 • cause: human wickedness
impeity of the Sons of Lycaon
- [Apollod.] 1.47 • cause: violence of the Bronze Race
Deucalion and family chosen; board giant rectangular box
- [Apollod.] 1.48 • method: rain 9 days and nights
conclusion: thanksgiving sacrifice
- [Apollod.] 1.48-50 • Generations of Hellen
division of peoples by kinship
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Ovid Metamorphosis
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: P. Ovidius Naso
when: 1st BCE / 1st CE
where: Rome
summary:
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Metamorphosis
where: Aegean
when: many generations ago
summary: repopulation of Greece by Deucalion (sons of Hellen)
— The Deluge • walkthrough 02-2
Livius.org
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Berossus Babylonian Affairs
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Berossus of Babylonia
when: 3rd BCE
where: Seleucid Mesopotamia
summary: Greek-speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Babylōnikē (“Babylonian Things”)
who: Cronus, Xisuthrus
where: Babel/Babylon, Armenia/Urartu/Ararat
when: ante-diluvian, flood narrative
summary: How man became corrupt/violent, division by language... — The Deluge • walkthrough 02-3
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Gilgamesh
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Sumerian | Akk/Hurr/Hitt | Assyrian (Sin-leqe-unnini) scribes
when: EB/2200 | LB/1400 (redactions) | Early Iron/625 BCE (standard edition)
where: Sumerian city states | MB/LB kingdoms | Nineveh
context: Sumero-Akkadian speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Gilgamesh
who: Gilgamesh, Enkidu, Shamhat, Humbaba, Bull of Heaven; Scorpion-people; Siduri, Ut-napishtim, Enlil, Ishtar, etc
where: Mesopotamia (Uruk), Cedar Forest, edge of the world
when: heroic age; many generations ago
summary: mortality, urban-civilized vs nomadic-savage, origin of...
— The Deluge • walkthrough 02-3
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Atrahasis
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Ipiq-aya
when: ca.1700 BCE (Old Babylonian Era)
where: Babylonia
summary: Akkadian speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Atra-ḫasis
who: Annunaki/Igigi, Enlil/Ellil, Ea/Enki, Ninhursag/Mami, Atrahasis
where: Mesopotamia
when: many generations ago
summary: antediluvian, flood narrative, corruption of man, mortality (& suffering)
— The Deluge • walkthrough 02-3
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Cow of Heaven
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Egyptian scribes
when: MK/1800 (composition) | NK/1200 BCE (royal tomb inscriptions)
where: Per-Ramesses
summary: Egyptian elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Cow of Heaven (or Destruction of Mankind)
where: cosmos
when: many generations ago
summary: Re-Atum (and Ennead) sends forth his Eye/Sekhmet/Hathor [from Nun (chaos)]
— Destruction • walkthrough 02-4
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- handouts
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UNIT 3 • MYTHS & SYNCRETISM, I
- secondary sources
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- ancient texts
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Baal Cycle (Ba‘lu Myth)
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Ugaritic scribe — Elimelech (’Ilīmilku), scribe of king Niqmad (Niqmaddu)
when: LB/1300 BCE
where: Ugarit (Canaan)
summary: Canaanite elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Baal Cycle or Ba‘lu Myth
who: Baal (Ba‘lu), Yamm (Yammu), El (’Ilu), Anat (‘Anatu), Mot (Môtu), Kothar wa-Khasis ((Kôṯaru-wa-Ḫasīsu)
where: Canaan
when: timeless mythical past
summary: battles between sky and sea, sky and death
— Syncretism • walkthrough 03-1
- CTA 1.ii.?-13
- 1.ii.13-?
The Enoys Go to ‘Anat (cAnatu) and Deliver El's (ɔIlu's) Message
- 1.iii.1-16
El (ɔIlu) Sends for Kothar wa-Khasis (Kôṯaru-wa-Ḫasīsu)
- 1.iii.17-end
Kothar wa-Khasis (Kôṯaru-wa-Ḫasīsu) Obeys the Summons
- 1.iv
El's (ɔIlu's) Feast
- 1.v
unknown
- CTA 2.1.11-19
Yamm's (Yammu's) Message
- 2.i.19-29
At the Sight of the Approaching Messengers, the Gods Panic
- 2.i.30-35
The Messengers Arrive, Deliver Their Lines
- 2.i.36-38
El (ɔIlu) Declares That He Accedes to the Demand
- 2.i.38-end
Ba‘al (Baclu) Defends Himself
- 2.ii
Hostilities Continue
- 2.iii.2-3
Someone Sends Kothar wa-Khasis (Kôṯaru-wa-Ḫasīsu) to El (ɔIlu)
- 2.iii.4-6
Off He Goes
- 2.iii.6-11
El (ɔIlu) Enjoins the Building of Yamm's (Yammu's) Palace
- 2.iii.6-11
El (ɔIlu) Enjoins the Building of Yamm's (Yammu's) Palace
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El-Kunirsha & Ashertu
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Hittite scribe
when: 1300 BCE/LB
where: Hatti (Hittite Empire)
summary:Hittite elite; syncretism w/ Canaan
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: El-kunirša and Ašertu
who: Storm-god; El (El-kunirsha. El “Creator of Heaven and Earth”); Ashertu (Asherah); Astart (DINNANA / Ishtar)
where: Canaan
when: timeless mythical past
summary: truggle between generations
— Syncretism • walkthrough 03-2
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Astarte & Tribute of the Sea
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Egyptian scribe
when: MK/MB/12th Dyn/1900 BCE
where: Eastern Delta
summary: Egyptian elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Astarte and the Insatiable Sea
who: Astarte; Ptah; Nut; Geb; Asiatics; Ennead
where: Canaan
when: timeless mythical past
summary: syncretism with Canaan — Syncretism • walkthrough 03-2
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Hymn to Imhotep
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Egyptian scribe
when: 1st CE (reign of Tiberius)
where: Temple of Ptah, Thebes (Karnak)
summary: Egyptian-speaking Roman elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Hymn to Imhotep
who: semi-divine architect of king Djoser
where: Step Pyramid of Squarra
when: 2600 BCE
summary: origin of... • First Interlude
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Hymn to the Etemenanki
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Akkadian scribe
when: 7th BCE
where: Babylon
summary: Akkadian speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Etemenanki
who: Marduk, Nabopolassar
where: Babylon, temple of Marduk
when: ca.625 BCE
summary: rebuilding of the ziggurat (Tower of Babel) • First Interlude
- lectures
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- handouts
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UNIT 4 • MYTHS & SYNCRETISM, II
- secondary sources
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- ancient texts
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Lamentation of Isis & Nephthys
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: family of Tentruty
when: Hellenistic/200 BCE
where: Hieratic papyrus
summary: Ptolemaic Egyptian elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Lamentation of Isis &Nephthys (P. Berlin 3008)
who: Isis, Nephthys
where: Egypt
when: eternal
summary: death/rebirth, mourning rituals,
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Plutarch Isis & Osiris
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Plutarch of Chaeronea
when: 150 CE (Roman Empire)
where: Greece (Alexandria?)
summary: Greek-speaking (Roman) elite; syncretism between Egypt ∧ Canaan
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Moralia (Isis & Osiris) 351C-384C
who: Isis, Osiris, Horus, Typhon (Seth)
where: Egypt
when: eternal
summary: death/rebirth, chaos/order — Syncretism • walkthrough 04-1
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Contendings of Horus & Seth
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Egyptian scribe
when: LB/NK/Dyn19/1150 BCE
where: Eastern Delta
summary: Egyptian elite; syncretism between Egypt & Canaan
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Contendings of Horus & Seth
who: Ennead, Re-Harakhti-Atum (Universal Lord); Nut; Neith, Thoth; Isis; Osiris;
where: Egypt (river islands, mountains, marshes)
when: long ago
summary: legitimate kingship, chaos/order, origin of...
— Syncretism • walkthrough 04-1
- essay
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- lectures
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- handouts
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UNIT 5 • SEASONS AND LIFE CYCLES
- secondary sources
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- ancient texts
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Wrath of Telepinu
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Hittite scribe
when: LB/1300 BCE
where: Hattusa (Hittite Empire)
summary: Hittite elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Telpinu
who: Storm-god, Sun-god, Telepinu, Mother goddess (Hannahanna), Kamrusepa
where: cosmos, Hatti
when: timeless mythical past
summary: wrath, cycle of seasons, origin of...
— Cycle of Life • walkthrough 05-1
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Adapa
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Akkadian speaking Egyptian scribe | Assyrian scribe
when: LB/1300 | Early Iron/650 BCE
where: Tall al-‘Amarna | Nineveh (Library of Assurbanipal)
summary: Akkadian-speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Adapa
who: South Wind, Ea/DENKI Ilibrat; Tammuz; Gizzida; Anu
where: Mesopotamia
when: long ago
summary: mortality, consuming divine food, origin of...
— Cycle of Life • walkthrough 05-1
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Descent of Ishtar
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Sumero-Akkadian scribes
when: MB/2000 | Early Iron/650 BCE
where: Ur III | Nineveh
summary: Sumero-Akkadian-speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Descent of Ishtar
who: Inanna/Ishtar; Ea/Enki; Erishkigal Tammuz
where: Mesopotamia
when: long ago
summary: cycle of seasons, katabasis (descent), origin of... — Cycle of Life • walkthrough 05-2
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Hymn to Demeter
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: "Homer" | rhapsodes (oral tradition) | redactor | editor (Pisistratus)
when: 1200 | 1000 | 750 | 530 BCE
where: Aegean (Euboea)
summary: Greek-speaking elite of city-states
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Hymn to Demeter
who: Demeter, Persephone, Pluto
where: Sicily (Enna)
when: long ago
summary: cycle of seasons, katabasis (descent), eating divine food — Cycle of Life • walkthrough 05-2
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UNIT 6 • EPIC, I
- secondary sources
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- ancient texts
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Gilgamesh
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Sumerian | Akk/Hurr/Hitt | Assyrian (Sin-leqe-unnini) scribes
when: EB/2200 | LB/1400 (redactions) | Early Iron/625 BCE (standard edition)
where: Sumerian city states | MB/LB kingdoms | Nineveh
context: Sumero-Akkadian speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Gilgamesh
who: Gilgamesh, Enkidu, Shamhat, Humbaba, Bull of Heaven; Scorpion-people; Siduri, Ut-napishtim, Enlil, Ishtar, etc
where: Mesopotamia (Uruk), Cedar Forest, edge of the world
when: heroic age; many generations ago
summary: mortality, urban-civilized vs nomadic-savage, origin of...
Tab.I-III — Civilization & Savagery • walkthrough 06-1
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Odyssey
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: "Homer" | rhapsodes (oral tradition) | redactor | editor (Pisistratus)
when: 1200 | 1000 | 750 | 530 BCE
where: Aegean (Euboea)
summary: Greek-speaking elite of city-states
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Odyssey
who: Odysseus, Polyphemus
where: Mediterranean, edge of the world
when: long ago
summary: urban-civilized vs nomadic-savage, origin of...
IX — Civilization & Savagery • walkthrough 06-1
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Gilgamesh
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Sumerian | Akk/Hurr/Hitt | Assyrian (Sin-leqe-unnini) scribes
when: EB/2200 | LB/1400 (redactions) | Early Iron/625 BCE (standard edition)
where: Sumerian city states | MB/LB kingdoms | Nineveh
context: Sumero-Akkadian speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Gilgamesh
who: Gilgamesh, Enkidu, Shamhat, Humbaba, Bull of Heaven; Scorpion-people; Siduri, Ut-napishtim, Enlil, Ishtar, etc
where: Mesopotamia (Uruk), Cedar Forest, edge of the world
when: heroic age; many generations ago
summary: mortality, urban-civilized vs nomadic-savage, origin of...
Tab.IV-XI — Mortal & Immortal • walkthrough 06-2
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Aqhat
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Ugaritic scribe — Elimelech (’Ilīmilku), scribe of king Niqmad (Niqmaddu)
when: 1300 BCE
where: Ugarit (Canaan)
context: Ugaritic speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Aqhat or A
who: Daniel (Dānī’ilu), Aqhat (’Aqhatu), Anat (‘Anatu), Kothar wa-Khasis (Kôṯaru-wa-Ḫasīsu), YṬPN, Paghat (Pūǵatu)
where: cosmos, Ugarit
when: timeless mythical past
summary:
— Mortal & Immortal • walkthrough 06-2
- lectures
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handouts
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UNIT 7 • EPIC, II
- secondary sources
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- ancient texts
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Sinuhe
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
author: Egyptian scribe
when: MB/MK/Dyn.12/ca.1800 BCE
where: Itj-tawy
context/summary: Egyptian speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Sinuhe
when: ca. 1960 BCE
who: Sinuhe, Amenemhet, Sesostris, Ammunenshi (Egyptianzing name, since Amun = chief god of Thebes)
where: Western Delta (Libyans), Upper Retjenu/Canaan (Byblus, Qedem)
context/summary: old man, former Egyptian harem attendant, beats up Asiatics
— Heroic Journey • walkthrough 07-1
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Shipwrecked Sailor
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
author: Egyptian scribe
when: MB/MK/Dyn.12/ca.1800 BCE
where: Itj-tawy
context/summary: Egyptian speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Shipwrecked Sailor
when: ca. 1800 BCE
who: an attendant, a Lord
where: Wawat (Kush), Senmut (Nubia), island in (Red?) Sea
— Heroic Journey • walkthrough 07-1
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Genesis 37-42
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: “Moses” | J E P D sources | redaction under Josiah | post-exile edition
when: ca.1200 | 1000 | 610 | 530 BCE
where:
Jerusalem
summary: internal attribution to Moses, but various traditional sources were interwoven under Josiah and edited after the Babylonian exile
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Genesis, or
Torah (“law”) or Pentateuch (first “five books”)
where: Canaan, Egypt
when: ca.1500 BCE (Hyksos)
who: Joseph, Potiphar, sons/tribes of Jacob/Israel
where: Canaan, Egypt, Pithom (Goshen)
context/summary: Asiatic becomes official in royal household; palace/temple economic redistribution, syncretism of Canaan / Egypt; origin of Israelite tribes; Potiphar's Wife motif; Seven Lean Years motif
— Heroic Journey • walkthrough 07-2
- consult Table of Nations (Gen 10)
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Campaign of Sennacherib
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
author: Assyrian scribe
when: ca.700 BCE
where: Nineveh
context/summary: Assyrian speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Campaign of Sennacherib
when: ca.700 BCE
who: Sennacherib of Assyria
where: Canaan
context/summary: campaign narrative
— Siege (& Mouse & Lion & Man) • walkthrough 07-3
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II Kings 18:1-19:37
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
author: Deuteronomistic Historian (DtrH) / Josiah / post-exile
when: ca.610 / 530 BCE
where: Jerusalem
context/summary: Hebrew speaking elite, written then edited
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: II Kings 18-19
when: ca.700 BCE
who: Sennacherib of Assyria, Hezekiah of Jerusalem
where: Jerusalem
context/summary: siege miraculously fails
— Siege (& Mouse & Lion & Man) • walkthrough 07-3
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Herodotus History II.141
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
author: Herodotus of Halicarnassus
when: ca.420 BCE
where: Halicarnassus > Athens > Thurii
context/summary: Greek speaking elite, oral performance
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: History (“inquiry”)
when: Dyn.25/ca.700 BCE
who: Sennacherib of Assyria, Sethos (Shabako) of Egypt
where: Pelusium (Canaan)
context/summary: siege miraculously fails
— Siege & Mouse (& Lion & Man) • walkthrough 07-3
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Lion in Search of a Man
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
author: Egyptian (demotic) scribe
when: 3rd BCE to 6th CE (Greco-Roman Era)
where: Egypt
context/summary: Egyptian speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Lion in Search of a Man (P.Leiden I 384)
when: timeless
who: the Human, the Lion, the Mouse
where: Egypt
context/summary: Thoth tells tales to Tefnut (daughter of Eye of Re) to soothe her
— (Siege &) Mouse & Lion & Man • walkthrough 07-3
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Aesop Fables 150
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
author: “Aesop”
when: 6th/5th BCE
where: Samos/Thace > Egypt
context/summary: Greek speaking ex-slave (traditionally his master was either Xanthus of Samos or Iadmon of Thrace)
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Fable 150
when: timeless
who: the Lion, the Mouse
where: Egypt
context/summary: animal tales (Libyan Fables – Aristot. Rhet. 1393a, Quint. Inst. Orat. 5.11.20)
— (Siege &) Mouse & Lion (& Man) • walkthrough 07-3
- lectures
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UNIT 8 • FOLKLORE MOTIFS
- secondary sources
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A. Dundes. 2002. Projective Inversion. Journal of American Folklore 115.457/458: 378-394.
- ancient texts
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Tale of Two Brothers
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
author: Egyptian scribes (Kagab and Ennana)
when: LB/NK/19th Dyn/ca.1200 BCE
where: 17th nome of Upper Egypt, with city of Hardai (Gk. Cynopolis, "city of the dog") with temple of Anubis and city of Saka (mod. al-Qaïs) with temple of Bata
context/summary: Egyptian speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Tale of Two Brothers (P.Jumilhac and P.D’Orbiney)
when: timeless
who: Anubis (and his wife), Bata (and his wife), pharaoh, Khnum, Ra-Harakhti
where: Egypt, Retjenu (Valley of Pine / Cedar)
context/summary: one of the world's oldest and richest sources of folklore motifs
— Potiphar's Wife Motif • walkthrough 08-1
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Homer Iliad V.119-236
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: "Homer" | rhapsodes (oral tradition) | redactor | editor (Pisistratus)
when: 1200 | 1000 | 750 | 530 BCE
where: Aegean (Euboea)
summary: Greek-speaking elite of city-states
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Iliad
when: ca.1200 BCE
who: Glaucus, Diomedes, Belerephon, Proetus, Anteia
where: Troy, Lycia
context/summary: Potiphar’s Wife motif
— Potiphar's Wife Motif • walkthrough 08-1
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Oracular Dream of Ashurbanipal
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
author: Assyrian Scribe
when: 648 BCE
where: Nineveh
context/summary: Assyrian speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Oracular Dream of Ashurbanipal
when: ca.650 BCE
who: Ishtar, Teuman
where: Arbela, Elam, Akkad, Amurru
context/summary: oracular dream; Seven Lean Years motif
— Seven Lean Years Motif • walkthrough 08-2
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Famine Stela
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
author: Egyptian Scribe
when: 3rd-1st BCE (Ptolemaic)
where: Setjet (Sehel Island, near Elephantine)
context/summary: either complete fiction (most likely) or restoration of 3rd Dyn inscription (less likely)
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Famine Stelae
when: ca.2650 BCE
who: Djoser, Imhotep, Khnum, Hapy,
where: Elephantine (Yebu), Kush (Wawat)
context/summary: Seven Lean Years motif
— Seven Lean Years Motif • walkthrough 08-2
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Birth of Sargon
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
author: Assyrian Scribe
when: 8th BCE (reign of Sargon II)
where: Assyria
context/summary: Akkadian speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Birth of Sargon
when: ca.2300 BC
who: Sargon of Akkad
where: Akkad / AGADEKI
context/summary: Found(l)ing Hero motif
— Found(l)ing Hero Motif • walkthrough 08-3
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Exodus 2:1-10
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: “Moses“ | J E P D sources | redaction under Josiah | post-exile edition
when: ca.1200 | 1000 | 610 | 530 BCE
where: Jerusalem
summary:internal attribution to Moses, but various traditional sources were interwoven under Josiah and edited after the Babylonian exile
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Exodus (or Torah / Pentateuch, or Tanakh)
when: ca.1200 BC
who: Moses, Pharaoh’s daughter
where: banks of the Nile, [Pithom (Goshen)]
context/summary: Found(l)ing Hero motif
— Found(l)ing Hero Motif • walkthrough 08-3
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Herodotus History I.107-114
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
author: Herodotus of Halicarnassus
when: ca.420 BCE
where: Athens
context/summary: Greek speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: History (“inquiry”)
when: ca.600 BCE
who: Cyrus, Astyages, Mandane, magi, Hapargus, Mitradates, Cyno (“bitch”)
where: Media, Persia
context/summary: Found(l)ing Hero motif
— Found(l)ing Hero Motif • walkthrough 08-3
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Livy From the City's Foundation I.3-4
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
author: T. Livius (Livy)
when: 1st BCE/1st CE
where: Padua > Rome
context/summary: Latin speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: From the Foundation of the City (Ab urbe condita)
when: ca.750 BCE
who: Romulus and Remus, Mars, Rhea Silvia (Vestal), Faustulus, Laurentia/Lupa (“she-wolf”)
where: Alban Mount, Rome, banks of the Tiber
context/summary: Found(l)ing Hero motif
— Found(l)ing Hero Motif • walkthrough 08-3
- essay
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ESSAY 2
prompt
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WEEK 9 • HYMNS
- secondary sources
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- ancient texts
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Mesopotamian Hymns
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: oral composition/scribes
when: varied
where: Mesopotamia
summary:
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Mesopotamian Hymns
who: varied
where: varied
when: varied
summary: focus on poetic composition techniques
• walkthrough 09-1
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Hymn to Ishtar and Lamentation to Ishtar
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Hymn to Enlil and Hymn to Ninurta
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Hymn to Shamash
- Egyptian Hymns
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: oral composition/scribes
when: varied
where: Egypt
summary:
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Egyptian Hymns
who: varied
where: varied
when: varied
summary: focus on poetic composition techniques
• walkthrough 09-1
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Hymn to Osiris and Hymn to Min
Lichtheim 1973: 202-04
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Hymn to Hapy
Lichtheim 1973: 204-09
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Great Hymn to Osiris
CoS 1.26; Lichtheim 1976: 81-85
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Hymns to the Sun
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Penitential Hymns
Simpson 2003: 284-99
- Hymn to the Aten
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: Egyptian Scribe
when: 1350 BCE (LB/NK/Dyn18)
where: Akhetaten (mod.Tall al-cAmarna)
summary: Atenist revolution
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Hymn to the Aten
who: Aten, Akhenaten
where: everywhere (beyond Canaan and Nubia)
when:1350 BCE (LB/NK/Dyn18)
summary: henotheism, universal monad over all
• walkthrough 09-2
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- Psalm 104
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: “David” / oral tradition / redaction under Hezekiah
when: 1000 BCE / 610 BCE
where: Jerusalem
summary: Hebrew speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Psalms (təhîllîm “praises”) or psalmoi (“music”); part of the Ketubim (“writings,” or poetic books – Psalms, Proverbs, Job)
who:
where: Jerusalem (Israel/Judah)
when: ca.1000 BCE
summary: synonymous and antithetical parallelism
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- Execration of Asiatics
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: Egyptian scribe
when: ca.1900 BCE (MB/MK/Dyn12)
where: Itj-Tawy
summary:
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title:Execration of Asiatics
who: rulers of Byblos, Jerusalem
where: Levant (Canaan/Retenu)
when: ca.1900 BCE
summary: threat of Asiatic/Canaanite invasion
• walkthrough 09-2
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- Obelisk of Hatshepsut
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: scribe of Hatshepsut
when: ca.1460 BCE (LB/NK/Dyn.18)
where: Thebes
summary: asserting legitimacy of female pharaoh - daughter of Thutmose I, wife of Thutmose II, mother/regent of Thutmose III
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Obelisk of Hatshepsut
who: Amun, Hatshepsut, Thutmose III
where: Temple of Amun (Ipet-isut, mod.Karnak)
when: ca.1460 BCE
summary: transfer of Sun worship from Heliopolis > Thebes, Atum > Amun
• excursion
Lichtheim 1976: 25-29
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- Vatican Obelisk
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: Latin scribes in Egypt
when: ca.30 BCE / ca. 30 CE
where: Heliopolis / Alexandria / Rome
summary: uninscribed obelisk from Heliopolis / moved to Alexandria by Gallus / then to Rome by Caius (Caligula) on the spina of his circus next to the Vatican Hill
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Vatican Obelisk
who: C. Cornelius Gallus, Imp. Tiberius Iulius Caesar
where: Alexandria
when: ca.30 BCE / ca.30 CE
summary: dedicated in the Forum Iulium of Alexandria by the first praefectus of Egypt (Gallus), then erased (damnatio memoriae) and reinscribed there by Tiberius
• excursion
Gordon 1983: no.35
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UNIT 11 • WISDOM - RIGHTEOUS SUFFERER
- secondary sources
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- ancient texts
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Ludlul bēl nēmeqi
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: Assyrian scribe
when: post-1000 BCE (Iron/Late)
where: Assyria
summary: Sumero-Akkadian speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Ludlul bēl nēmeqi (“I will praise the Lord of Wisdom”)
who: Shubshi-meshre-Shakkan, Marduk, Enlil
where:
when:
summary: why do good men suffer?…
(or Poem of the Righteous Sufferer) • walkthrough 11-1
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Babylonian Theodicy
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: Babylonian scribe
when: ca.1500 BCE (LB/MK)
where: Babylonia
summary: Sumero-Akkadian speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Babylonian Theodicy
who: Saggil-Kinnam-ubbib
where:
when:
summary: why do good men suffer?…
— Righteous Sufferer • walkthrough 11-1
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Job 1-21, 28, 38-42
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: oral tradition / redaction under Josiah
when: before 1000 / ca.610 BCE
where: Jerusalem
summary: Hebrew speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Job (Heb. ’Iyyôb); part of the Ketubim (“writings,” or poetic books – Psalms, Proverbs, Job)
who: Job, Yahweh, the Adversary (i.e. Śāṭān), Divine Council (Sons of ’El) etc.
where: Jerusalem
when: ca.1000 BCE
summary: poetic wisdom, righteous sufferer
— Righteous Sufferer • walkthrough 11-1
- Job 1-2 – prologue, two scenes (first on earth, second in heaven)
- Job 3 – opening monologue, transition to three cycles
- Job 4-14 – first cycle of dialogue
- Eliphaz (4-5) and Job's response (6-7)
- Bildad (8) and Job (9-10)
- Zophar (11) and Job (12-14)
- Job 15-21 – second cycle of dialogues
- Eliphaz (15) and Job (16-17)
- Bildad (18) and Job (19)
- Zophar (20) and Job (21)
- Job 22-28 – third cycle of dialogues
- Job 29-31 – closing monologue, transition from three cycles
- Job 32-37 – monologue of Elihu – why does Elihu suddenly pop up here?
- Job 38-42 – dialogue with the divine
- YHWH (38:1-40:2) and Job(40:3-5)
- YHWH (40:6-41:34) and Job (42:1-6)
- Job 42:7-17 – epilogue
- humiliation of Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar (7-9)
- restoration of Job (10-17)
- A Man and His God
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: Sumerian scribe
when: ca.2000 BCE (EB/1st Intermediate)
where: Lower Mesopotamia
summary: Ur III period, Sumerian speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: A Man and His God
who: unnamed man, unnamed god
where: Ur (?)
when: timeless
summary: why do good men suffer?…
— Dialogue • walkthrough 11-2
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- Dialogue of Pessimism
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: Akkadian scribe
when: ca.1000 BCE (Iron/3rd Intermediate)
where: Upper Mesopotamia
summary: Sumero-Akkadian speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Pessimistic Dialogue between a Master & Servant
who: unnamed master, unnamed servant
where: Assur (?)
when: timeless
summary: why do good men suffer?…
(or The Obliging Slave) — Dialogue • walkthrough 11-2
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Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: scribes of Cyrus (C), Darius (D), Xerxes (X) and Artaxerxes II or III (A) of Persia
when: ca.500-350 BCE
where: Parsagadae (M), then Persepolis (P)
summary: legitimize control over (sometimes rebellious) territories
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Royal InscriptionsCMac, DB, DNa, DSab, DSe, XPh, A?Pb
who: every daiva and satrapy
where: Pasargadae (M), Naqs-e Rustam (N), Persepolis (P), or Susa (S)
when: ca.500-350 BCE
summary: royal inscriptions emphasizing the loyalty and support of vassals listed by people (daiva) or province (satrapy)
— Persian Empire • excursion
- CMc – Pasargadae, Gate R
inscription of Cyrus at Pasargadae (mod. Dasht-i Murghab); cf. winged genius
- DNa – Tomb of Darius
Old Persian tomb inscription of Darius at Naqsh-i Rustam; satrapies and daiva
- DPe – Terrace Inscription (Old Persian)
Old Persian inscription of Darius at Persepolis; satrapies and daiva
- DPg – Terrace inscription (Babylonian)
Babylonian inscription of Darius at Persepolis; imperial diversity
- DPh – Apadana Tablets
trilingual inscription of Darius at Persepolis; imperial ideology
- DSab – Statue of Darius (Egyptian)
bilingual inscription of Darius at Susa; satrapies and daiva (in cartouches)
- DSe – Satrapy List (Babylonian)
trilingual inscription of Darius at Susa; satrapies and daiva
- DZc – Suez Inscription
trilingual inscription of Darius (Chalouf Stela) at Suez; controling Egypt, building canal
- XPh– Daiva Inscription
trilingual inscription of Xerxes at Persepolis; imperial ideology; satrapies and daiva
- A?P – Tomb of Artaxerxes
trilingual inscription of Artaxerxes (II? or III?) at Persepolis; satrapies and daiva
- lectures
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UNIT 12 • WISDOM - TEACHINGS
- secondary sources
- ancient texts
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Eloquent Peasant
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: Egyptian scribe
when: ca.1900 BCE (MB/MK/Dyn12)
where: Itj-tawy
summary: Egyptian elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Eloquent Peasant
who: Khu-n-Anup (wife Mryt) the peasant, Nemty-nakht the overseer, Rensi (son of Meru) the high steward, Nebkaure (Khety) the king, Heryshaf the demiurge
where: Salt Fields (Wadi Natrun), Herakleopolis
when: ca.2150 (EB/1st Intermediate/Dyn.9)
summary: good and evil, balance of justice (ma'at)…
— Poetic Wisdom • walkthrough 12-1
CoS 1.43; Parkinson 1997: 54-88
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Instructions of Amenemhet
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: Egyptian scribe (cf. Dua-khety)
when: MB/MK/Dyn12 composition > LB/NK/Dyn19-20 edition
where: Itj-tawy > Pi-Ramesses
summary:
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Instruction of Amenemhet (British Museum EA10182,2 P.Sallier II)
who: Amenemhet, Senwosret
where: Itj-tawy
when: 1910 BCE
summary: advice for a royal son…
— Teachings • walkthrough 12-2
CoS 1.36; Parkinson 1997: 203ff0
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Loyalist Instructions
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: Egyptian scribe
when: ca.1900 BCE (MB/MK/Dyn12)
where: Itj-Tawy
summary: for Egyptian elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Loyalist Teachings
who:
where: Itj-Tawy
when:
summary: advice to royal subjects…
— Teachings • walkthrough 12-2
Parkinson 1997: 235-245
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Instructions of Amenemope
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: Egyptian scribe
when: ca.1000 BCE (Iron/3rd Intermediate)
where: Lower Egypt
summary: Egyptian elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Instructions of Amenemope
who: Amenemope
where: Lower Egypt
when: ca.1000
summary: advice to elite, protection of the weak
— Poetic Wisdom • walkthrough 12-3
Proverbs
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: oral tradition / redaction under Josiah
when: ca.1000 / ca.610 BCE
where: Jerusalem
summary: Hebrew speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Proverbs (Heb. mišlê šəlōmōh “Proverbs of Solomon”; Gk. paroimiai Lat. proverbia); part of the Ketubim (“writings,” or poetic books – Psalms, Proverbs, Job)
who: universal
where: Jerusalem
when: ca.1000 BCE
summary: poetic wisdom
22:17-24:34
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Dialogue between a Man and his Soul (ba)
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: Egyptian scribe
when: 1900 BCE/Middle Kingdom/Middle Bronze
where: Egypt
summary: for the Egyptian elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Discourse between a Man and his Soul
who: unnamed man, ba…
where:
when:
summary: poetic wisdom, why do good men suffer?…
— Poetic Wisdom • walkthrough 12-3
CoS 3.146; Parkinson 1997: 151-65
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- essay
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ESSAY 3
prompt
- lectures
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UNIT 13 • WISDOM - DIALOGUES
- secondary sources
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- ancient texts
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The Craft of the Scribe
AUTHOR CONTEXT
who: Egyptian scribe
when: 1279-1213 BCE / Dyn19 (Ramesses II) / Late Kingdom / Late Bronze
where: Pi-Ramesses (Lower Egypt, Eastern Delta)
summary: model letter / scribal exercise
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: The Craft of the Scribe (British Museum EA10247 = P. Anastasi I)
who: mahir (army scribe/quartermaster) Hori, mahir Amenemope
when: 1279-1213 BCE / Dyn19 (Ramesses II)
where: Pi-Ramesses (Lower Egypt, Eastern Delta)
summary: one scribe mocks another's unwarranted claims of scribal learning and experience; useful practical calculations and foreign topography; loanwords from NW Semitic languages; vivid descriptions of contemporary Canaanite life and customs
— walkthrough 13-1
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Teaching of Dua-khetyAUTHOR CONTEXT
who: Egyptian scribe (cf. Amenemhet)
when: ca.1200 BCE / 19th-20th Dyn / LK / LB (Ramesside)
where: Pi-Ramesses (Lower Egypt, Eastern Delta)
summary: model letter / scribal exercise
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: The Craft of the Scribe (British Museum EA10182,6 = P. Sallier II)
who:
when: ca.1200 BCE / Dyn19-20 (Ramesside)
where: Pi-Ramesses (Lower Egypt, Eastern Delta)
summary: styled after instructions of father to son; duties and rewards of the scribal professionison; satirical caricatures of 18 (1esser) professions CoS 1.48; Parkinson 1997: 273-283
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Dialogue between Two Scribes
AUTHOR CONTEXT
who: Sumero-Akkadian scribe
when: MB / Old Babylonia
where: Mesopotamia
summary: scribal exercise
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Dialogue between Two Scribes
who: GIRINE-ISAG (“big brother”); ENKI-MANSUM
where: Mesopotamian é.dub.ba.a (“house of tablets”, i.e. scribal school)
when: MB / Old Babylonia
summary: competition between two scribal students, one more advanced (šeš.gal, or “big brother”) uses his seniority to bully and insult the younger one; practical and methodological details about scribal education, aims and rewards; form of poetical disputation
— walkthrough 13-1
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Dialogue between a Supervisor and a Scribe
AUTHOR CONTEXT
who: Sumero-Akkadian scribe
when: MB / Old Babylonia
where: Mesopotamia
summary: scribal exercise
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Dialogue between a Supervisor and a Scribe
who: supervisor (UGULA); student/scribe
where: Mesopotamian é.dub.ba.a (“house of tablets”, i.e. scribal school)
when: MB / Old Babylonia
summary: supervisor submits his student to an examination of scribal skill and moral education; examples of Sumerian style and rhetoric; eulogy of the student — walkthrough 13-1
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Words of Ahiqar
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: Aramaic scribe
when: 5th BCE
where: Elephantine
summary: for the Aramaic speakers (garrison?) of Abu/Elephantine
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Words of Ahiqar
who: Ahiqar, Shamash
where: cosmopolitan
when: timeless
summary: wise counselor, proverbs…
— walkthrough 13-2
Ginsberg 2018; ANET 379-83 -
“At the Cleaners”
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: Sumero-Akkadian scribe
when: MB / Old Babylonia
where: Mesopotamia
summary: a joke!
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: “At the Cleaners”
who: cleaner; patron
where: Mesopotamia
when: MB / Old Babylonia
summary: humorous but accurate account of the different stages for washing and treating luxury garments
— walkthrough 13-2
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Dispute between Hoe and Plough
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: Sumero-Akkadian scribes
when: MB / Old Babylonia
where: Mesopotamia
summary:
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Dispute between Hoe and Plough
who: toothed hoe, plough
where:
when:
summary: poetic wisdom, dialogue…
— walkthrough 13-2
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Dispute between Date Palm and Tamarisk
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: Sumero-Akkadian
when: MB/Old Babylonia
where: Mesopotamian city states
summary:
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Dispute between Date Palm and Tamarisk
who: Council of Gods, date palm, tamarisk
where:
when:
summary: poetic wisdom, dialogue…
— walkthrough 13-2
Cohen 2013: 277-198, no.2.5; ANET 360-62 -
Kadesh Battle Inscription — walkthrough 13-3
CoS 2.5A (“Poem”), 2.5B (“Bulletin”); Lichtheim 1976: 57-57
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Kadesh Treaty — walkthrough 13-3
Chavalas 2006: 244-52, no.111
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UNIT 14 • PROPAGANDA & EMPIRE
- secondary sources
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- ancient texts
- Amarna Letters
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: Akkadian speaking Egyptian scribe
when: ca.1350 BCE / LB/ NK / Dyn18
where: Akhetaten (mod. Tall al-‘Amarna)
summary: international correspondence from the reign of Akhetaten
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Amarna Letters, or Amarna Correspondence
who: between the pharaoh (Akhetaten) and peer kings (“brothers”) or vassals (e.g. Rib-Hadad of Byblos)
where: Egypt, Canaan/Retenu, Mesopotamia
when: ca.1350 BCE
summary: conspicuous consumption of wealth in gift exchanges; appeal for military support against hapiru — walkthrough 14-1
Moran 2000; CoS 3.92A-G; 4.80-86; ANET 429-43 -
- Report of Wenamun
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: Egyptian scribe
when: ca.1000 BCE / EIron / Late / Dyn21
where: Tayu-djayet/Ankyronpolis (mod. al-Ḥība)
summary: traveller's tale
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Tale of Wenamun
who: Wenamun, ambassador of Herihor (High Priest of Thebes); Smendes of Tanis (Chief of the Ma, or Meshwesh), Ramesses XI of Pi-Ramesses; Tiekerbaal of Byblus; Sea Peoples (Pelset, Tjeker)
where: Egypt, Canaan/Retenu
when: 1075 BCE (Year 5 of the Renaissance Era); transition between Ramesside Dyn 20 and Libyan Dyn 21; independence of High Priest of Amun
summary: weakness and fragmentation of Egypt; threat of Sea Peoples; comparative equal standing and strength of Byblus — walkthrough 14-1
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Campaign of Shoshenq
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: Egyptian scribe
when: ca.925 BCE (reign of Shoshenq, 945-924)
where: Bubastite Portal (named after Libyan Dyn 22 capital), Temple of Amun, Thebes
summary: list of campaigns in the Levant (Canaan/Retenu); following restablishment of commercial ties with Byblus
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Mesha Stela, or Moabite Stone
who: Shoshenq
where: Bubastis to Retenu
when: ca.923 BCE
summary: success of king attributed to Amun; victory over Asiatics (and other traditional enemies); era of small states
— walkthrough 14-2
CoS 4.3; ANET 239-40
I KingsAUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Deuteronomistic Historian (DtrH), derivative of D source, redacted under Josiah | post-exile edition
when: ca.610 | 530 BCE
where: Jerusalem
summary: compiled under Josiah and edited after the Babylonian exile for a Hebrew-speaking audience
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: I Kings, Nevi'im (“prophets”, or historical books)
where: Israel
when: 923 BCE, i.e. fifth year of Rehoboam (928-911)
summary: raid of Shishak (Shoshenq) pillaging of he temple; era of small states 14:21-28 (cf. II Chron 12:1-9)
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Mesha Stela
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: Moabite scribe
when: ca.850 BCE
where: Dibon (Moab)
summary: list of campaigns that legitimize rule of king
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Mesha Stela, or Moabite Stone
who: Mesha, Chemosh
where: Moab
when: ca.850 BCE
summary: success of king attributed to Chemosh; victory of subjects over former overlord; era of small states
( Moabite Stone) — walkthrough 14-3
II KingsAUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Deuteronomistic Historian (DtrH), derivative of D source, redacted under Josiah | post-exile edition
when: ca.610 | 530 BCE
where: Jerusalem
summary: compiled under Josiah and edited after the Babylonian exile for a Hebrew-speaking audience
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: II Kings, Nevi'im (“prophets”, or historical books)
where: Israel
when: ca.850
summary: campaigns against Mesha; era of small states 3
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- secondary sources
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- ancient texts
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Black Obelisk
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: Assyrian scribe
when: ca.825 BCE
where: capital of Shalmaneser at Kalhu (mod. Nimrud)
summary: depiction and legitimizaton of king's might; continuation of campaign vs Aramaean Coalition (Battle of Qarqar 853 BCE)
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser
who: Shalmaneser III (858-824); Jehu of Samaria/Israel (842-814)
where: Levant
when: ca.825 BCE
summary: list of campaigns and tribute, depiction of tribute-bearing vassals; end to era of small states — walkthrough 15-1
CoS 2.113F; ANET 255-58, figs.97-8, 100
II KingsAUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Deuteronomistic Historian (DtrH), derivative of D source, redacted under Josiah | post-exile edition
when: ca. 610 | 530 BCE
where: Jerusalem
summary: compiled under Josiah and edited after the Babylonian exile for a Hebrew-speaking audience
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: II Kings, Nevi'im (“prophets,” or historical books)
where: Israel
when: c.a850
summary: campaigns of Shalmaneser; end to era of small states 8:7-15, 10:32-43 -
Victory Stela of Piye
AUTHORS CONTEXT
who: Egyptian speaking Nubian scribe
when: ca.730 BCE
where: Temple of Amun at Napata (mod. Ǧabal al-Barkal), Nubian capital (Dynasty 25)
summary: depiction and legitimizaton of king's might; Nubian control of the High Priests of Amun in Thebes
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Victory Stela of Piye
who: rebel Tefnakht of Saïs, Chief of the Ma (732-725 BCE, Libyan Dyn. XXIV), with allies Osorkon IV of Bubastis (730-715 BCE, Libyan Dyn. XXII); Iuput of Leontopolis (754-715 BCE); Namart of Hermopolis (754-725 BCE)
punitive campaign led by Piye of Napata (732-725 BCE, Nubian Dyn. XXV), in defense of loyal vassal Peftuaubast of Heracleopolis (754-720 BCE, Libyan Dyn. XXIII)
where: Napata, Thebes, Hermopolis, Heracleopolis, Memphis
when: ca.734 BCE
summary: campaign vs coalition of Libyan dynasts in Lower Egypt; end to era of small states — walkthrough 15-2
Ritner 2009: 466-492; CoS 2.7 II KingsAUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Deuteronomistic Historian (DtrH), derivative of D source, redacted under Josiah | post-exile edition
when: ca. 610 | 530 BCE
where: Jerusalem
summary: compiled under Josiah and edited after the Babylonian exile for a Hebrew-speaking audience
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: II Kings, Nevi'im (“prophets,” or historical books)
where: Israel
when: ca.722 BCE
summary: campaigns of Shalmaneser V (727-722); unfaithful Judean vassals ally with King So (Nubian Dyn 25 King Piye, ca.714); end to era of small states, destruction of Samaria and 10 lost tribes 17
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