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DRAMATIS PERSONAE 1825 | 1875 | 1925 | 1975
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Ernest Charles François Babelon (1854–1924)
French numismatist for the Cabinet des Médailles (from 1878), serving as Director (1892–1924); in his youth, excavator of Carthage with S. Reinach (1883).
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Philippe Berger (1846–1912)
Professor in the Faculté de théologie protestante de Paris (1877–1893), then the Collège de France (1893–1910); member of the Académie (from 1892); editor of the CIS; Senator representing Giromagny (1904–1912).
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Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau (1846–1923)
- Philologist and amateur archaeologist while dragoman in the French foreign service, stationed in Jerusalem and Constantinople (from 1867); member of the Academie (1889); chair of Semitic epigraphy and antiquities at the Collège de France (1890)
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Lazare, or Lazzaro Costa (1814–1877)
Antiquarian, prominent member of the Italian community and of the Société Archéologique de Constantine; his Cabinet d'antiquités africane was precurser to the Musée Gustave Mercier (now the Musée National Cirta)
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Jean-Charles Cubisol (1817–1868)
Consul of Belgium and vice-consul of France resident in La Goulette; described inscriptions sent to Paris for the Exposition Universelle (1867).
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Nathan Davis (1812–1882)
Christian convert and missionary to Jewish communities of North Africa (LSPCJ, 1838–1843), and missionary for the Church of Scotland in both Tunisia (1844–1848) and Gibraltar (1849–1850); excavated Utica and Carthage on behalf of the British Museum (1856–1858).
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Rev. Alfred-Louis Delattre MAfr (1850–1932)
Catholic missionary of the Pères Blancs (“White Fathers“); tireless excavator of Carthage; founder and curator of Musée Lavigerie de Saint-Louis on the Byrsa Hill (1875–1932).
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Joseph Naftali Derenburg, or Derembourg (1811–1885)
Orientalist and philologist; Professor of Ethiopic at the École pratique des hautes études, (from 1877); contributor to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, publising inscriptions in Himyaritic and Sabaean.
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Julius Euting (1839–1913)
Librarian at the University of Tübingen (1868–1871) then at the University of Straßburg/Strasbourg (from 1871); collector of Phoenician inscriptions from Carthage and Hadrumetum (many of which he donated to the State Hermitage in St. Petersburg); published nearly exhaustive catalogs of Phoenician-Punic inscriptions (1871, 1883) at about the same time as Schröder.
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Victor Guérin (1821–1890)
Aristocratic explorer and amateur archaeologist, acquired antiquities from Mustafa Khaznadar
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Joseph Halevy (1827–1917)
Orientalist and philologist; Professor of Ethiopic at the École pratique des hautes études, (from 1879); contributor to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, publising inscriptions in Sabaean.
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Gustave Hannezo (1857–1922)
French military officer and amateur archaeologist; founded the archaeological museum of Sousse (1887).
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Antoine Marie Albert Héron de Villefosse (1845–1919)
Roman epigrapher and archaeologist; curator of Greek and Roman sculpture at the Museée du Louvre (from 1869); Member of the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (from 1883).
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Auguste-Célestin Judas (1805–1872)
First published Phoenician inscriptions from Cirta/Constantine, with Arabic rather than Hebrew transcription.
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Maurice d'Irisson, or Count of Hérrison (1839–1893)
Antiquarian and amateur excavator at Utica.
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Mustafa Khaznadar (1817–1878)
née Georgios Halkias Stravelakis
Ottoman Mamluk from Chios who was purchased to serve the beylik of Tunis, eventually as grand vizier (1855–1873), under M'hamed Bey and Sadok Bey; began himself collecting antiquities (“collection Moustafa”), some stored in the beylical palace La Manouba.
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Hayreddin Pasha or Kherridine Pacha (1817–1878)
Ottoman quasi-Mamluk from Abkhazia who was purchased to serve Ahmed Bey and the beylik of Tunis, eventually as grand vizier under Sadok Bey (1873–1877), continued the policy of collecting antiquities at La Manouba.
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Rev. Charles Martial Allemand Lavigerie MAfr (1825–1892)
In 1868 founded the Catholic evangelical order of the Missionnaires d'Afrique (MAfr), colloquially the Pères Blancs (“White Fathers”); archbishop of Algiers (1867–1884) then Carthage (1884–1892); cardinal (from 1882–1892).
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Moritz Abraham Levy (1817–1872)
Professor at the Jewish Theological Seminary in Breslau; published early catalogs of Phoenician inscriptions.
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Heinrich Karl Eckard Helmuth von Maltzan (1826–1874)
aka Baron of Wartenburg and Penzlin
Antiquarian and traveler, collector of Punic inscriptions.
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Antoine–Philibert Marchant, or Marchand (1823–1901)
Commandant (squadron leader) of the 2ᵉ régiment de spahis in Tunis before the French protectorate (pre-1881); housed a collection of antiquities in his Villa Ariana at Hammam-Lif.
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Charles-Jean Melchior de Vogüé (18298–1916)
aka Marquis de Vogüé
French diplomat and archaeologist; member of the Académie française (from 1868), for some years with his nephew the Vicomte de Vogüé; contributor to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, publishing inscriptions in Phoenician and Aramaic from the Levant.
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Marie-Eugène Melchior de Vogüé (1848–1910)
aka Vicomte de Vogüé
French diplomat and archaeologist; member of the Académie française (from 1888) alongside his uncle the Marquis de Vogüé; contributor to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, publishiing inscriptions from Cyprus.
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Muhammad ibn al-Husayn, or M'hamed Bey (1811–1859, reg.1855–1859)
Supported the collection of artifacts by Mustafa Khaznadar at La Manouba.
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Jean-Baptiste Evariste Charles Pricot de Sainte-Marie (1843–1899)
Excavator of Carthage and Utica (1873–1876); a few thousand stelae he had excavated and had loaded on the ironclad Magenta were pulverized when the flagship exploded in the harbor of Toulon (1875).
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Salomon Reinach (1858–1932)
In his youth, excavator of Carthage with E. Babelon (1883); assistant and deputy conservator (1888–1902) then Director of the Musée des Antiquités in Saint-Germain; Professor at the École du Louvre (from 1890).
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Joseph Ernest Renan (1823–1892)
Led the scholarly Mission de Phénicie during the Syrian expediton of Napoleon III (1860–1861), paralleling the scholarly mission during the campaign of Napolean I to Egypt; Professor of the College de France (1862–1864, then from 1870); first editor of the Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum (1881–1890), which relied in part upon the catalogs of Euting and Schröder for western Phoenician inscriptions.
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Carl Eduard Sachau (1845–1930)
- Semitic philologist (1869) and professor at the University of Vienna (1869–1875), then the University of Berlin (from 1876) where he directed the Seminar of Oriental languages (from 1887); published Aramaic papyri and ostraca from Elephantine.
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Muhammad al-Sadiq, or Sadok Bey (1813–1882, reg.1859–1882)
Supported the collection of artifacts by Mustafa Khaznadar and Hayreddin Pasha at La Manouba.
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Paul Gustav Albert Schröder (1844–1915)
German consular official and philologist; published a grammar and catalog of Phoenician inscriptions (1869) at about the same time as Euting.
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Rev. Giovanni Spano (1803–1878)
Philologist and Professor at the University of Cagliari (from 1834) and Turin (from 1871); led early archaeological excavations on Sardinia.
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William Sandys Wright Vaux FRS (1818–1885)
Assistant keeper of antiquities at the British Museum (from 1841) and then keeper of coins and medals (1861–1870); cataloged the Carthaginian inscriptions of N. Davis.
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William Henry Waddington (1826–1894)
Archeaologist and statesman; contributor to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres; Prime minster of France (1879) and ambassador to the United Kingdom (1883–1893).
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William Wright (1830–1889)
Professor of Arabic at the University of Cambridge; published inscriptions that had been brought to Great Britain.
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Gustav Heinrich Klemens Wilmanns (1845–1878)
Ancient historian and Professor at the University of Straßburg/Strasbourg (from 1872); incidentally collected Punic and Neo-Punic inscriptions but primarily edited Latin inscriptions from North Africa for the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum.
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