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UNIT 1 • KINGS OF ROME (753-509 BCE)
  Romans & Etruscans
- secondary sources
-
- Boatwright, Gargola, Lenski & Talbert 2011 The Romans
1. Archaic Italy and the Origins of Rome
- ancient texts
-
-
T. Livius (Livy) From the Foundation of the City
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: T. Livius (Livy)
when: 1st BCE/1st CE
where: Padova (Cisalpine Gaul) > Rome
context: Latin speaking elite, imperial patronage (Augustus)
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Ab urbe condita (From the Foundation of the City) I.3-7, 16
who: Rhea Sylvia, Mars, Romulus and Remus, shepherd, she-wolf, Hercules
when: ca.753 BCE
where: Rome
context: heroic founder, murderer of humble origin
preface, I.1-16 (Liv.)
program of the history; notion of decline; Hercules and Cacus/Evander (charter myth); Aeneas and Agenor (nostoi, or "return" sagas); Romulus (founding hero) and Remus vs. Amulius (tyrant); fratricide; Rape of the Sabine Women
eponymous putative ancestors: Latinus (Latins), Iulus (Julian clan - family of the Emperors); Tiberinus (Tiber River), Romulus and Remus (Rome), etc.
etiological myths: Aeneas worshipped as Jupiter Indiges at Lavinium; 12 lictors, curile chair, and toga praetexta borrowed from Etruscans;
wedding chant ("Thalassio"); first temple (to Jupiter Feretrius); first dedication of spolia optima (arms of foreign commander captured by Roman commander);
origin of names of the thirty tribes (curiae), taken from the names of the Sabine women; Romulus worshipped as Quirinus in Rome; etc.
morals to emulate: Hostius Hostilius (valor)
morals to avoid: Tarpeia (betrays citadel)
multiple versions: Ascanius or Iulus as son of Aeneas; Rhea Silvia impregnated by Mars or est by someone less respectable; twins raised by she-wolf or else by a prostitute ("she-wolf"), Romulus ascends to heaven amidst Senators or else gets chopped to pieces by them, etc.
- Liv.I.45-60
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: T. Livius (Livy)
when: 1st BCE/1st CE
where: Padova (Cisalpine Gaul) > Rome
context: Latin speaking elite, imperial patronage (Augustus)
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: From the Foundation of Rome I.56-60
who: L. Tarquinius Superbus & Tullia, Sex. Taquinius, L. Tarquinius Collatinus & Lucretia; L. Junius Brutus
when: ca.509 BCE
where: Rome
context: chastity, sexual violence of the tyrant (rex)
Servius Tullius brings cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine Hill in Rome; L. Tarquinus Superbus (Tarquin the Proud), tyrant (rex) of Rome, and Sex. Tarquinius, tyrant of Gabii, vs. L. Iunius Brutus and L. Tarquinius Collatinus (founding consuls); Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus; Cloaca Maxima (Great Sewer); Embassy to Delphi; Rape of Lucretia (wife of Collatinus);
establisment of the Republic
morals to emulate: Lucretia (spins wool, hospitable; preserves her chasity)
morals to avoid: Tullia and Tarquin the Proud kill spouses and father (in-law); Tullia acclaims Tarquin as rex; Tarquin ignores the
council of elders (Senate)
- Liv.II.9-13
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: T. Livius (Livy)
when: 1st BCE/1st CE
where: Padova (Cisalpine Gaul) > Rome
context: Latin speaking elite, imperial patronage (Augustus)
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: From the Foundation of Rome II.9-13
who: Lars Porsena, C. Mucius Scaevola
when: ca.508 BCE
where: Rome
context: Etruscans vs Rome; manly valor (virtus)
Lars Porsenna of Clusium vs. C. Mucius Scaevola;
morals to emulate: Horatius Cocles, Mucius Scaevola and Cloelia (valor)
- Liv.V.1, 14-16, 21-23, 33
Etruscan League abandons Veii; Romans beseige Veii; portents and embassy to Delphi; evocatio of Juno (Uni) Regina by M. Furius Camillus; Etruscan contributions to Roman civilization
- Strabo of Amaseia Geography I.1.13 [C7-8] (Strab.)
symmetrical balance of the edges of the world
- Strab.I.2.8 [C18-20]
myth vs. history
- Strab..I.2.28 [C34]
symmetrical balance of the edges of the world
- Strab.I.2.35 [C42-43]
myth vs. history; tales from the edges of the world
- Strab.II.5.26 [C126-127]
civilization vs. savagery
- Diodorus of Sicily Library of History V.40 (Diod.)
Etruscan contributions to Roman civilization
- lectures
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UNIT 2 • ROMAN REPUBLIC, I (509-390 BCE)
 Latins
- secondary sources
-
- M. T. Boatwright, D. J. Gargola & R. J. A. Talbert The Romans
2. Republican Rome and the Conquest of Italy
- ancient texts
-
- T. Livius From the Foundation of the City
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: T. Livius (Livy)
when: 1st BCE/1st CE
where: Padova (Cisalpine Gaul) > Rome
context: Latin speaking elite, imperial patronage (Augustus)
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Ab urbe condita (From the Foundation of the City)
who: Ap. Claudius Crassus, L. Verginius; L. Icilius & Verginia
when: ca.450 BCE
where: Rome
context: chastity, sexual violence of the tyrant (Xvir), patricians vs plebians
II.18-22** (Liv.)
Rome vs. Latins & Etruscans
- Liv.III.44-59**
rule of the Xviri (decemvirs)
- Liv.
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: T. Livius (Livy)
when: 1st BCE/1st CE
where: Padova (Cisalpine Gaul) > Rome
context: Latin speaking elite, imperial patronage (Augustus)
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: From the Foundation of the City
who:
when: ca.340 BCE
where: Latium
context: Rome vs Latins; patricians vs plebians
VI-VIII** (selections)
Rome vs. Latins; patricians vs. plebians
- The Twelve Tables
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Latin scribe/official
when: ca.450 BCE
where: Rome
context: Latin speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Duodecim tabulae ("12 Tables")
who:
when: ca.450 BCE
where: Rome
context: written law code (protection of vulnerable); end of nexum (debt bondage)
** (XII.Tab.)
first Roman law code, traditionally attributed to the decemvirs
- lectures
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UNIT 3 • EARLY REPUBLIC, II (390-264 BCE)
  Samnites & Greeks
- secondary sources
-
- M. T. Boatwright, D. J. Gargola & R. J. A. Talbert The Romans
3. The Beginnings of a Mediterranean Empire
- ancient texts
-
- T. Livius From the Foundation of the City
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: T. Livius (Livy)
when: 1st BCE/1st CE
where: Padova (Cisalpine Gaul) > Rome
context: Latin speaking elite, imperial patronage (Augustus)
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: From the Foundation of the City III.26-29
who: L. Quinctius Cincinnatus
when: ca.450 BCE
where: Rome
context: office of dictator
III.26-29**
L. Quinctius Cincinnatus
- Liv
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: T. Livius (Livy)
when: 1st BCE/1st CE
where: Padova (Cisalpine Gaul) > Rome
context: Latin speaking elite, imperial patronage (Augustus)
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: From the Foundation of the City IV.37, 44, 52
who:
when: ca.340 BCE
where: Latium
context: Rome vs Campanians and Samnites; Battle of Caudine Forks
.IV.37, 44, 52
Campanians and Samnites
- Liv
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: T. Livius (Livy)
when: 1st BCE/1st CE
where: Padova (Cisalpine Gaul) > Rome
context: Latin speaking elite, imperial patronage (Augustus)
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: From the Foundation of the City IX.1-6
who:
when: ca.340 BCE
where: Latium
context: Rome vs Campanians and Samnites; Battle of Caudine Forks
.IX.1-6**
Rome vs. Samnites; Battle of the Caudine Forks (6 pgs)
- Polybius of Megalopolis Histories
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Polybius of Megalopolis
when: ca.150 BCE
where: Greece
context: Greek speaking elite; patronage of L. Aemilius Paulus and Scipio Aemilianus (hostage > collaborator)
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: History XII
who:
when: ca.150 BCE
where: Rome
context: historigraphy; criticism of Timaeus as an arm-chair historian
XII (Polyb.)
Timaeus of Taormina, first historian of Rome (1 pg)
- Dionysius of Halicarnassus Roman Antiquities XIX & XX (Dion.Hal.Ant.Rom.)
Rome vs. Tarentum; Pyrrhus of Epirus; Rome vs. Mamertines of Rhegium (3 pgs)
- Plutarchus of Chaeronea Parallel Lives: Pyrrhus
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Plutarchus of Chaeronea (Plutarch)
when: ca.150 CE
where: Greece
context: Greek speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Parallel Lives: Pyrrhus 18-19, 25
who: Ap. Claudius Caecus; Pyrrhus of Epirus
when: ca.275 BCE
where: Southern Italy, Rome
context: Pyrrhic victory, valor of Rome
18-19, 25** (Plut.Pyrrh.)
Ap. Claudius Caecus; Pyrrhus of Epirus (3 pgs)
- P. Vergilius Maro Aeneid
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: P. Vergilius Maro (Vergil)
when: 1st BCE/1st CE
where: Mantua (Cisalpine Gaul) > Rome
context: Latin speaking elite, imperial patronage (Maecenas/Augustus)
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Aeneid I, IV
who: Aeneas, Ascanius, Venus, Dido
when: ca.753 BCE
where: Carthage
context: heroic founder, virtus
I** & IV.76-126, 162-180, 221-265, 296-395** (Verg.Aen.)
Aeneas of Troy, Dido of Carthage
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UNIT 4 • MIDDLE REPUBLIC (264-201 BCE)
 Phoenicians
- secondary sources
-
- M. T. Boatwright, D. J. Gargola & R. J. A. Talbert The Romans
4. Italy & Empire
- A. Richlin Rome and the Mysterious Orient
general introduction (p9-21); introduction to Towelheads (p185-199)
- ancient texts
-
- T. Macchius Plautus Towelheads
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: T. Macchius Plautus
when: ca.185 BCE
where: Rome
context: Latin speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Poenulus (The Puny Punic, aka Towelhead)
who: Hanno (Saddam), Agorastocles (Boris), Milphio (Igor)
when: ca.185 BCE
where: Aetolia (Yugoslavia)
context: standard Greek situational comedy blueprint, copied in Latin; Phoenicians (Punic) vs Roman
,** or Poenulus — prologue, I & V (Plat.Poen.)
situational comedy with a Phoenician cast (Poenulus = “The Puny Punic”)
- Polybius History
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Polybius of Megalopolis
when: ca.150 BCE
where: Rome
context: Greek speaking elite; patronage of L. Aemilius Paulus and Scipio Aemilianus (hostage > collaborator)
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: History III, VII
who: Hannibal, Philip V
when: ca.215 BCE
where: Rome, Sicily, Southern Italy
context: treaties between Carthage & Rome and Carthage & Macedonia
III & VII (Polyb.)
treaties between Carthage and Rome; treaty between Carthage and Philip of Macedon
- T. Livius From the Foundation of the City
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: T. Livius (Livy)
when: 1st BCE/1st CE
where: Padova (Cisalpine Gaul) > Rome
context: Latin speaking elite, imperial patronage (Augustus)
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Ab urbe condita (From the Foundation of the City) XXI
who: Hannibal
when: ca.215 BCE
where: Rome
context: Rome vs Carthage (Punic War)
XXI** (Liv.)
Rome vs. Hannibal
- L Junius Moderatus Columella On Rural Matters
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: L Junius Moderatus Columella
when:
where:
summary:
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title:
where:
when:
summary:
** — preface & I (Colum.)
decline; Roman latifundiae (“rural estates”); slavery
- essay
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- lectures
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UNIT 5 • MIDDLE/LATE REPUBLIC (201-91 BCE)
 Numidians
- secondary sources
-
- M. T. Boatwright, D. J. Gargola & R. J. A. Talbert The Romans
5. Italy Threatened, Enfranchised, Divided
- ancient texts
-
- T. Livius From the Foundation of the City
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: T. Livius (Livy)
when: 1st BCE/1st CE
where: Padova (Cisalpine Gaul) > Rome
context: Latin speaking elite, imperial patronage (Augustus)
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Ab urbe condita (From the Foundation of Rome) V.27
who: M. Furius Camilus
when: ca.400 BCE
where: Veii
context: Rome vs Etruscans, fides
V.27 (Liv.)
M. Furius Camillus and fides
- [Q. Tullius Cicero] Pamphlet on Electioneering
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Q. Tullius Cicero
when: ca.50 BCE
where: Rome
context: Latin speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Commen(Pamphlet on Electioneering)
who: Quintus Tullius Cicero, M. Tullius Cicero
when: ca.50 BCE
where: Rome
context: how get a novus homo (“new man”) elected consul
** (Q.Cic.Com.pet.)
instructions about getting a “new man” (novus homo) elected consul
- C. Sallustius Crispus Jugurthine War
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: C. Sallustius Crispus (Sallust)
when: ca.50 BCE
where: Amiternum > Rome
context: Latin speaking elite, partisan of C. Julius Caesar
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Jugurthine War
who: Jugurtha vs Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus (optimates) & C. Marius (populares) & L. Cornelius Sulla Felix (optimates)
when: ca.112-106 BCE
where: Numidia
context: Rome vs Numidians, optimates (Caecilius Metellus & Sulla) vs populares (Marius)
** (Sall.Iug.)
Rome vs. Jugurtha; Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus of the optimates vs. C. Marius of the populares
- lectures
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UNIT 6 • MIDDLE/LATE REPUBLIC (201-91 BCE)
    Hellenistic Kingdoms
- secondary sources
-
- M. T. Boatwright, D. J. Gargola & R. J. A. Talbert The Romans
6. The Domination of Sulla and Its Legacy
- ancient texts
-
- Dec. Junius Juvenalis Satires
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Dec. Junius Juvenalis (Juvenal)
when: 1st/2nd CE, Flavian Era / Era of Good Emperors
where: Aquinum > Rome
context: representative of the Latin genre of satire
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Saturae (Satires)
who: Umbricius
when: 1st/2nd CE
where: Rome > Cumae
context: vices of Rome, corrupt Greeks and Syrians, rich & poor III (Iuv.)
social critique of Greeks in Rome
- Plutarch Life of Marcellus
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Plutarchus of Chaeronea (Plutarch)
when: 1st/2nd CE, Flavian Era / Era of Good Emperors
where: Boeotia > Delphi
context: moral examples for Greek-speaking Roman citizens
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Life of Marcellus
who: M. Claudius Marcellus, Archimedes of Syracuse
when: 212 CE
where: Syracuse
context: siege and defense of Syracuse, corruption of Rome 14-21** (Plut.Marc.)
the sack of Syracuse and the corruption of Rome; Archimedes of Syracuse
- Pausanias Description of Greece
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Pausanias Periegetes
when: 2nd CE, Era of Good Emperors
where: Greece
context: travel guide for Greek-speaking Roman citizens
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Description of Greece
who: C. Mummius
when: 146 CE
where: Corinth
context: siege and defense of Corinth, corruption of Rome VII.16 (Paus.)
the sack of Corinth and the corruption of Rome
- Seneca Moral Essays (Sen.Dialog.)
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: L. Annaeus Seneca
when: 1st CE, Julio-Claudian Era
where: Corduba > Roma
context: tutor of Nero
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Dialogi (Moral Essays)
who:
when: 1st CE
where: Rome
context: Stoic (Hellenistic) philosophy
Stoic (Hellenistic) philosophy in Rome
- P. Ovidius Naso Art of Love
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: P. Ovidius Naso (Ovid)
when: 1st BCE/1st CE, Augustan Age
where: Sulmo > Rome
context: imperial patronage
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Ars amatoria (Art of Love)
who: men & women
when: 1st BCE/1st CE
where: Rome
context: pick-up artist’s manual I** (Ov.Ars.)
how to pick up wome
- Polybius of Megalopolis
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Polybius of Megalopolis
when: ca.150 BCE
where: Rome
context: Greek speaking elite; patronage of L. Aemilius Paulus and Scipio Aemilianus (hostage > collaborator)
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: History
who:
when: ca.150 BCE
where: Rome
context: Roman constitutional balance; comparison to Carthage; explanation of Roman dominance
VI (Polyb.)
Greek statesman's view of how Rome came to dominate the Mediterranean; constitution of Rome
- lectures
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UNIT 7 • C. IULIUS CÆSAR (60-44 BCE)
 Celts (or Gauls)
- secondary sources
-
- M. T. Boatwright, D. J. Gargola & R. J. A. Talbert The Romans
7. The End of the Republic: Caesar's Dictatorship
- ancient texts
-
- Dec. Junius Juvenalis Satires
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Dec. Junius Juvenalis (Juvenal)
when: 1st/2nd CE, Flavian Era / Era of Good Emperors
where: Aquinum > Rome
context: representative of the Latin genre of satire
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Satire 6
who: Pudicitia (Chastity), Eppia, Messalina, Cornelia, Agrippina
when: 1st/2nd CE
where: Rome
context: vices of Roman women; eunuchs (“who will guard the guards themselves?”), soothsayers/astrology, rich & poor VI (Iuv.)
social critique of Roman women
- C. Julius Caesar Gallic Wars
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: C. Julius Caesar (Caesar)
when: ca.50 BCE, Late Republic
where: Rome
context: self-promoting dictator perpetuus
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: De bello Gallico (Gallic Wars)
who: Celts/Gauls
when: ca.50 CE
where: Transalpine Gaul
context: customs of Celts/Gauls
VI.11-28** (Caes.B.Gall.)
customs of the Celts/Gauls
- Strabo of Amaseia Geography (Strab.) and Diodorus of Sicily Library (Diod.)
customs of the Celts/Gauls
- M. Tullius Cicero In Defence of Caelius
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: M. Tullius Cicero
when: ca.50 BCE, Late Republic
where: Arpinum > Rome
context: self-promoting “new man” from wealthy (mercantile) elite of equestrian ordo
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Pro M. Caelio (In Defense of M. Caelius Rufus)
who: M. Tullius Cicero; Dio of Alexandria (ambassador of Ptolemy XII), L. Sergius Catiline; M. Caelius Rufus, Clodia, P. Clodius Pulcher
when: 56 CE
where: Rome
context: vices of Roman women; corruption of the youth ** (Cic.Cael.)
P. Clodius Pulcher & Clodia
- C. Valerius Catullus Poems
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: C. Valerius Catullus
when: ca.50 BCE, Late Republic
where: Verona/Sirmio > Rome
context: Neoteric Poets
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Carmina (Poems)
who: M. Tullius Cicero (49), M. Caelius Rufus (69), C. Julius Caesar (11); Clodia (“Lesbia” 1-3, 7-8, 85, 92), P. Clodius Pulcher (“Lesbius” 79), Celtiberians (37-39)
when: ca.50 CE
where: Rome
context: vices of Roman women; critique of Roman values ** (Catull.)
unrequited love for for Clodia (“Lesbia”); social critique of Roman society
- lectures
-
- handouts
- essay
-
ESSAY 2
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UNIT 8 • IMP. CÆSAR AUGUSTUS (44 BCE - CE 14)
 Persians
- secondary sources
-
- M. T. Boatwright, D. J. Gargola & R. J. A. Talbert The Romans
8. Augustus and the Transformation of the Roman World
- ancient texts
-
- P. Vergilius Maro (Vergil) Aeneid
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: P. Vergilius Maro
when: 1st BCE/1st CE
where: Mantua (Cisalpine Gaul) > Rome
context: Latin speaking elite, imperial patronage (Maecenas/Augustus)
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Aeneid 6 & 8
who: Augustus (and other noble Romans)
when: 1st CE
where: Roman empire
context: visions of the Augustan Age
VI.918-1222, VIII.822-992 (Verg.Aen.)
visions of the Augustan Age
- Imp. Caesar Augustus Accomplishments
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: C. Octavius > C. Julius Caesar Octavianus > Imp. Caesar Augustus
when: 14 CE, Augustan Age
where: Ancyra (Gallatia)
context: autobiography of self-promoting princeps (mounted on the wall of his temple)
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Accomplishments of the Deified Augustus (Res gestae divi Augusti), or Monumentum Ancyranum
who: Augustus
when: 14 CE, Augustan Age
where: Roman Empire
context: accomplishments of first princeps; imperial autobiography ** (R.Gest.div.Aug.)
imperial biography listing the accomplishments (res gestae) of the first princeps
- Q. Horatius Flaccus (Horace) Odes
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Q. Horatius Flaccus (Horace)
when: 1st BCE/1st CE, Augustan Age
where: Venusia > Rome
context: poetry written with imperial patronage (C. Maecenas)
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Carmina (Odes)
who:
when: 1st BCE/1st CE
where: Roman Empire
context: lyric poetry about the edges of the world
III.24, IV.15 (Hor.Carm.)
poetry about the edges of the world
- C. Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder) Natural History
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: C. Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder)
when: 1st CE, Julio-Claudian Age
where: Comum > Rome
context: encyclopaedist (note: died at eruption of Vesuvius)
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Natural History 7
who:
when: 1st CE
where: known world
context: marvelous/monstrous variation of man
VII (Plin.H.N.)
human oddities
- T. Macchius Plautus Persa
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: T. Macchius Plautus
when: ca.185 BCE
where: Rome
context: Latin speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Persa (The Persian, or Iran Man)
who: Toxillus (Bowman), Saturo (Fat Jack) and Virgo (Cherry),
when: ca.200 BCE
where: Athens (Los Angeles)
context: customs of exotic, far off peoples (e.g. Parthians) , or Iran Man I.1-3; II.2-5; III.1; IV (Plaut.Pers.)
exotic dress, slaves for sale
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WEEK 9 • PRINCIPATE, I (14-69 CE)
 Egyptians
- secondary sources
-
- M. T. Boatwright, D. J. Gargola & R. J. A. Talbert The Romans
9. The Early Principate: Julio-Claudians, Civil War, and Life in the Early Empire
- ancient texts
-
- Dec. Junius Juvenalis Satires
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Dec. Junius Juvenalis (Juvenal)
when: 1st/2nd CE, Flavian Era / Era of Good Emperors
where: Aquinum > Rome
context: representative of the Latin genre of satire
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Satire 6
who: Volusius, Diana, Pythagoras
when: ca.127 CE
where: Ombi and Tentyra, Canopus/Alexandria
context: exaggerated tales of barbarous savagery as crtique of Rome ** XV (Iuv.)
social critique of Alexandrians and Egyptians
- T. Livius (Livy) From the Foundation of the City
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: T. Livius (Livy)
when: 1st BCE/1st CE
where: Padova (Cisalpine Gaul) > Rome
context: Latin speaking elite, imperial patronage (Augustus)
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: From the Foundation of the City (Ab urbe condita) XXIX, cf. CIL I.2.581
who: Bacchus/Dionysus, Bacchantes, Q. Marcius & Sp. Postumius
when: 186 BCE BCE
where: Rome
context: Roman accusations against Bacchic cult -- intermingling of orders, classes, sexes
XXIX.8-19** (Liv.) & CIL I.2.581**
Roman accusations against and suppression of the Bacchic cult
- L. Apuleius Madauriensis Metamorphoses
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: L. Apuleius Madauriensis
when: ca.150 CE
where: Madaura > Carthage > Athens > Rome
context: Numidian novelist, lived in Sabrata, trained in Carthage and Athens; audience of Latin speaking elite
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Metamorphoses
who: Lucius, Photis, Isis
when: ca.150 CE
where: Thessaly (witches), North Africa, Egypt, Rome
context: young man bewitched and transformed (metamorphosis) into a donkey; (slave) labor at the mill; farmer and legionary; restored by true Queen of Heaven (Isis)
, or Golden Ass 9, 11** (Apul.Met.)
North African novel; travels to Egypt; cult of Isis
- lectures
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WEEK 10 • PRINCIPATE, II (69-138 CE)
 Judaeans
- secondary sources
-
- M. T. Boatwright, D. J. Gargola & R. J. A. Talbert The Romans
10. Institutionalization of the Principate: Limits of Expansion, Empire and Provinces
- ancient texts
-
- Vatican Obelisk (CIL VI.882** & AE 1964:255**)
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Roman scribe in Egypt | Rome
when: ca.30 BCE | 40 CE
where: Forum Iulium (Alexandria)
summary: Heliopolitan obelisk, moved to Caesar's Forum in Alexandria, inscribed by Gallus, erased and re-inscribed by Augustus, transported to Rome for spina of imperial circus
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Vatican Obelisk (CIL.6.882)
who: C. Cornelius Gallus; Imp. Caesar Augustus; Ti. Caesar Augustus
where: Forum Iulium (Alexandria), Circus of Caius and Nero (Vatican, Rome)
when: ca.30 BCE | 40 CE
summary: dedication inscriptions, Gallus erased (damnatio memoriae)
duplex dedicatory inscription, from spina of circus of Caius and Nero
- C. Suetonius Tranquilius Life of Nero
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Suetonius Tranquilius
when: ca.100 CE
where: Hippo Regius (mod. Anaba) > Rome
summary: imperial biographer, provincial North African of equestrian ordo
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Life of Nero
where: Rome
when: 54-68 CE
summary: biography of a “bad” emperor
**
4-16, 20-29, 33-34, 40-49, 52-57 (Suet.Ner.)
biography of the emperor/tyrant Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus
- P. Cornelius Tacitus Annales
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: P. (or C.) Cornelius Tacitus
when: ca.100 CE
where: Gallia Narbonenesis > Rome
summary: imperial historian and biographer, provincial Gaul of the equestrian ordo
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Annales
who: Augustus, Tiberius, Caius (Caligula), Nero, Agrippina
where: Rome
when: 40-70 CE
summary: depictions of the imperial household
I.1-16; XIV.1-14 (Tac.Ann.)
depictions of the imperial household
- NRSV I Maccabees
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Greek scribe
when: ca.125 BCE
where: Jerusalem
summary: Greek translation of lost Hebrew original
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Maccabees
where: Jerusalem
who: Judas Maccabaeus, Antiochus IV Epiphanes
when: ca.175 BCE
summary: account of revolt and establishment of Hashmonean kingdom; origin of Hannukah; Hellenization of Jewish communities; treaty as friends and allies of Rome
** 1, 8 (I Macc.)
Rome, Antiochus IV, Judas Maccabeus; alliance with Rome
- T. Flavius Josephus Jewish Wars
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: T. Flavius Josephus (Yosef ben Matityahu)
when: ca.80
where: Jerusalem > Rome
summary: Greek speaking Roman audience; perspective of collaborating Jewish rebel
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: De bellum Iudaico (Jewish Wars)
where: Jerusalem, Syria
when: 67-70 CE
summary: description of Jewish sects; siege of Jerusalem
** I.1.1-5 [1-13], II.8.1-10.1 [117-184],
V.9.1-10.1 [348-420] (Ios.B.I.)
Jewish sects; collaborator's account of Jewish Wars
- Roman stereotypes of Judaism:
-
Damocritus On the Jews, in the Suda s.v. “Damocritus”
-
P. Cornelius Tacitus Histories 5.3-5 (Tac.Hist.)
-
Cassius Dio Cocceianus of Nicaea Roman History 67.14, 68.32 (Cass.Dio)
-
Apion, in T. Flavius Josephus Against Apion 2.80-120 (Ios.Ap.)
-
Plutarchus of Chaeronea Moralia: Convivial Talk 670D) (Plut.Mor.)
-
Diodorus of Sicily Library of History XXXIV/V.1.1-5 (Diod.)
- Philo Judaeus Embassy to Gaius
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Philo Judaeus of Alexandria
when: ca.40 CE
where: Alexandria > Rome
summary: audience of Greek speaking Jewish Romans; combining Jewish thought and Greek philosophy
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Legatio ad Gaium (Embassy to Caligula)
who: C. Juilius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (Caligula), Philo of Alexandria
where: Alexandria, Rome
when: ca.40 CE
summary: madness of Caius, status of Jews in Alexandria and Rome
1-4 [1-22], 11 [74], 44-45 [349-355] (Phil.Legat.)
Jews of Alexandria; madness of Gaius (Caligula)
- lectures
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CLAS105-10
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WEEK 11 • PRINCIPATE, III (138-193 CE)
  Germans & Dacians
- secondary sources
-
- M. T. Boatwright, D. J. Gargola & R. J. A. Talbert The Romans
11. Italy and the Provinces: Civil and Military Affairs (138-235)
- ancient texts
-
- T. Livius From the Foundation of the City III.26-29 (Liv.)
Roman virtus
- Dec. Junius Juvenalis Satires 16 (Iuv.)
social critique of Roman soldiers
- P. Cornelius Tacitus Agricola
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: P. (or C.) Cornelius Tacitus
when: ca.100 CE
where: Gallia Narbonenesis > Rome
summary: imperial historian and biographer, provincial Gaul of the equestrian ordo
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: On the Life and Charachter of Cn. Julius Agricola
who: Agricola (father-in-law of Tacitus), Domitian
where: Brittania
when: 77-84 CE
summary: success of a good man (Agricola) under a bad emperor (Domitian); liberty of Britons vs tyranny of Rome
** (Tac.Agr.) & Germany
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: P. (or C.) Cornelius Tacitus
when: ca.100 CE
where: Gallia Narbonenesis > Rome
summary: imperial historian and biographer, provincial Gaul of the equestrian ordo
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: On the Origin and Location of the Germans
where: Free Germany, beyond the Rhine
when: ca.100 CE
summary: custom of Germans as an inverse reflection of Rome
** (Tac.Germ.)
Romans vs. Celts and Germans
- C. Plinius Caecilius Secundus (Pliny the Younger) Panegyric to Trajan
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: C. Plinius Caecilius Secundus (Pliny the Younger)
when: 61-113 CE
where: Comum > Rome > Bithynia
summary: equestrian/senatorial survivor of the reign of Domitian; panegyrist and correspondent with the emperor Trajan; nephew of the famous encyclopaedist, the Elder Pliny, whose death in Pompeii he records
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Panegyric of Trajan
who: Imp. Caesar Nerva Trajanus Augustus; T. Flavius Caesar Domitianus Augustus
where: Rome (Bythinia)
when: 100 CE
summary: syncophantic attempt to curry favor with the emperor Trajan, whom he contrasts with Domitian ** (Plin.Pan.)
praise poem for the emperor/tyrant Imp. Caesar Nerva Trajanus Augustus
- Scriptores Historiae Augustae Life of Elagabalus
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: spuriously attributed to Aelius Lampridius, normally to the scriptores ("writers") of the Augustan Histories
when: ca.4th CE
where: Rome
summary: one of the biographies of the later emperors
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Life of Elagabalus
who: Imp. Caesar M. Aurelius Antoninus Augustus, nicknamed Elagabalus (“god of Byblus”) or Heliogabalus (“sun of Byblus”), Julia Maesa, Julia Bassiana
where: Emesa (Syria, Rome
when: 218-220 CE
summary: introduced henotheism (worship of Sol Invictus) in Rome ** (SHA Heliogab.)
biography of the emperor/tyrant M. Aurelius Antoninus Elagabalus (or Heliogabalus)
- lectures
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CLAS105_11-1
- digital map
- walkthrough 01 || 02
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WEEK 12 • END OF THE PRINCIPATE (193-284 CE)
 Christians
- secondary sources
-
- M. T. Boatwright, D. J. Gargola & R. J. A. Talbert The Romans
12. The Third Century Crisis and the Tetrarchic Restabilization
- ancient texts
-
- Acts of the Apostles
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Luke the Evagelist
when: 80-90 CE
where: Thebes (Boeotia)
summary: written for Greek-speaking Christian communities
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Acts of the Apostles (primarily the ministry of Paul)
when: ca.30-65 CE
who: Saul of Tarsus (St. Paul, ca.5-65 CE, a Greek-speaking Jew/Pharisee? and Roman citizen from Tarsus in Cilicia); Junius Annaeus Gallio (proconsul of Achaea, brother of Seneca - Acts 18);
Antonius Felix and Porcius Festus (each prefectus of Judaea)
where: Tarsus > Jerusalem > Rome -- with stops in Asia Minor (e.g. Galatia, Ephesus) and Achaea (e.g. Philippi, Corinth)
summary: treatment of Christian communities as a Jewish sect, rights of a Roman citizen (e.g. immune from coercito; the "appeal to Caesar", etc.)
** (Acts)
Romans, Jewish diaspora communities and the Christian sect
- Q. Septimius Florens Tertullianus Apology
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Q. Septimus Florens Tertullianus
when: ca.200 CE
where: Carthage > Rome
summary: Latin-speaking North African (Numidian/Berber) Christian apologist
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Apology (“defense”)
where: Roman empire
when:ca.200
summary: defense against charges of sex/incest, cannibalism/infanticide and atheism/treason (refusal to worship the emperor)
** (Tert.Apol.)
Roman accusations against incestuous Christian cannibals
- M. Minucius Felix Octavius
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: M. Minutius Felix
when: ca.250 CE
where: Carthage? > Rome
summary: Latin-speaking North African (Numidian/Berber) Christian apologist; written for non-Christian audience; influenced by M. Tullius Cicero De natura deorum(On the Nature of the Gods)
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Octavius
where: Roman Empire
when:ca.200
summary: defense against charges of sex/incest, cannibalism/infanticide and atheism/treason (refusal to worship the emperor); dialogue between a pagan (Caecilius Natalis) and a Christian (Octavius Januarius) ** (Min.Fel.)
Roman accusations against incestuous Christian cannibals
- Epiphanius of Constantia Against all Heresies, or Panarion (Epiph.)
Christian accusations against incestuous Gnostic cannibals
- Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Perpetua and Saturus
when: ca.200 CE
where: Carthage
summary: autobiography but edited, with added introduction and conclusion
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Passion of the Holy Martyrs Perpetua and Felicitas
Vivia Perpetua, Felicitas, Saturus
where: Carthage
when: ca.200 CE
summary: Chistians refuse to renounce their faith, refuse to make offerings to emperor, sentenced to death in the arena
** (PPF)
account of a noblwoman's martyrdom
- Eusebius of Caesarea Life of Constantine
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Eusebius of Caesarea (St. Eusebius)
when: 260/265-339/40 CE
where: Caesarea Maritima > Constantinople?
summary: written for Greek-speaking Roman citizens
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Life of Constantine
where: Constantinople
when: 306-337 CE
summary: biography of Constantine, bordering on hagiography; panegyric-style tribute to a Roman ruler, sent by God to establish Chrstianity as accepted throughout the Roman Empire (allegedly converting on his deathbed) (Euseb.Const.)
panegyric of the emperor Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (Constantine)
- lectures
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CLAS105 12-1 || 12-2 || 12-3
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WEEK 13 • DOMINATE, I (284-337 CE)
  Ethiopians & Indians
- secondary sources
-
- Boatwright, Gargola, Lenski & Talbert 2011 The Romans
13. The Rise of Christianity and the Growth of the Barbarian Threat (324-395)
- ancient texts
-
- Heliodorus of Emesa Ethiopica
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Heliodorus
when: ca.300 CE
where: Emesa (mod. Homs)
summary: Greek-speaking Roman citizens of the Eastern Mediterranean
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Aethiopica (Ethiopian Matters)
who: Chariclea and Theagenes (lustful virgins), shepherd-brigands, Charicles (Pythian priest), Sisimithras (gymnosophist "nude wise man," i.e. Brahman), Calasiris, Hydaspes and Persinna
where: Nile Delta, Elephantine/Syene, Meroë
when: ca.400 BCE
summary: incredibly complicated plot begining in media res, with flashbacks, adventures (i.e. threats to virginity) spanning from the Nile Delta to a border war between Egypt and Ethiopia, to the royal palace at Meroë; end of prisoner/child sacrifice I, X** (Heliod.Aeth.)
romance novel of the Greek-speaking Roman East, set in Persian Egypt
- Iambulus, in Diodorus of Sicily Library of History
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Iambulus, in Diodorus of Sicily
when: before 1st BC
where: unknown
summary: Greek-speaking audience
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: unknown, reorded in the Library of History
who: merchant Iambulus
where: Ethiopian island, perhaps Taprobane (mod. Sri Lanka)
summary: II.55-60 (Diod.)
traveller's tale of a utopian settlement on an Ethiopian island
- Lucianus of Samasota True History
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Lucianus
when: ca.150 CE
where: Samosata (Euphrates River town of Syria)
summary: Greek-speaking Roman citizens of the Eastern Mediterranean
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Alēthē diēgēmata or Verae Historiae (True Histories)
who:
where:
when:
summary:
(Lucian.Ver.hist.)
early science fiction novel written as a parody of the genre of history
- Procopius of Caesarea Persian War
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Procopius of Caesarea
when: ca.550 CE
where: Caesarea > Constantinople > Ravenna
summary: Greek speaking Roman audience
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Bellum Persicum Persian War
who: Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus Augustus
where: Constantinople
when: ca.541-42 CE
summary: description of the bubonic plague; symptoms; social consequences II.22-24** (Procop.Pers.)
bubonic plague, 541-42 CE
- Scriptores Historiae Augustae Life of Lucius Verus 8.1-4 (SHA Ver.)
- L. Cassius Dio Roman History 73.14-15 (Cass.Dio)
- Claudius Galenus of Pergamum Method of Medicine V.12 (Gal.Med.Phil.)
Antonine Plague, 165-180, 189
- lectures
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WEEK 14 • DOMINATE, II (337-565 CE)
 Huns & Goths
- secondary sources
-
- Boatwright, Gargola, Lenski & Talbert 2011 The Romans
14. Final Years of the Western Empire and Rome's Revival in the East
- ancient texts
-
- Ammianus Marcellinus Accomplishments
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Ammianus Marcellinus
when: 4th CE
where: Antioch > Rome
summary: Greek speaking Roman soldier, military service in West
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Accomplishments (Res gestae)
where: Rhine / Danube limites
when: 4th CE
summary: customs and campaigns vs Goths
XV.10, XXXI** (Amm.Marc.)
wars of the later empire, ethnography of the Huns and Goths
- Pytheas of Massilia On Ocean
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who:
when:
where:
summary:
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title:
who:
where:
when:
summary:
, in Strabo of Amaseia Geography 2.5.8 (Strab.)
geography and ethnography of Thulē
- Procopius of Caesarea Gothic War
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Procopius of Caesarea
when: ca.550 CE
where: Caesarea > Constantinople > Ravenna
summary: Greek speaking Roman audience
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Gothic War
who: Flavius Bellisarius, Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus Augustus
where: trans-Rhine (Erulians) and Thulē
when: ca.550 CE
summary: customs of the Goths
II.14-15** (Procop.Goth.)
geography and ethnography of the Erulians and Thulē
- lectures
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- REVIEW
secondary sources
-
- D. Potter. 2014 Ancient Rome: A New History
7. The Endings of the Roman Empire (AD 410-642)
- ancient texts
-
- Life of Aesop
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: ignotus ("unknowm" i.e. anonymous) | Maximus Planudes (editor)
when: 2nd CE | ca.1200 CE
where: Greek East | Constantinople
summary: audience of Greek speaking Romans
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: vita Aesopi (Life of Aesop)
who: Aesop, Xanthus (and his unnamed wife), Isis (and her unnamed priestess)
where: Phrygia (Asia Minor)
when: 6th BCE
summary: life of a clever slave
** (Aesop.)
life and adventures of a clever slave
- Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus Institutes
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT
who: Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus (Justinian I the Great)
when: 6th CE
where: Constantinople
summary: legal code established by the emperor Justinian
NARRATIVE CONTEXT
title: Institutes
who: Justinian
where: Roman Empire
when: 6th BCE
summary: collection of civil law applied throughout the Mediterranean
(Iust.Inst.)
collection of civil law
- essay
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ESSAY 4
prompt
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